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Among pathogenic  Enterobacteriaceae , the proteins of the Ail/OmpX/PagC family form a steadily growing family of outer membrane proteins with diverse biological properties, potentially involved in virulence such as human serum resistance, adhesion and entry into eukaryotic culture cells. We studied the proteins Ail/OmpX/PagC in the bacterial  Photorhabdus  genus. The  Photorhabdus  bacteria form symbiotic complexes with nematodes of  Heterorhabditis  species, associations which are pathogenic to insect larvae. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that in  Photorhabdus asymbiotica  and  Photorhabdus luminescens  only Ail and PagC proteins are encoded. The genomic analysis revealed that the  Photorhabdus ail  and  pagC  genes were present in a unique copy, except two  ail  paralogs from  P. luminescens . These genes, referred to as  ail1   Pl  and  ail2   Pl , probably resulted from a recent tandem duplication. Surprisingly, only  ail1   Pl  expression was directly controlled by PhoPQ and low external Mg 2+  conditions. In  P. luminescens , the magnesium-sensing two-component regulatory system PhoPQ regulates the outer membrane barrier and is required for pathogenicity against insects. In order to characterize Ail functions in  Photorhabdus , we showed that only  ail2   Pl  and  pagC   Pl  had the ability, when expressed into  Escherichia coli , to confer resistance to complement in human serum. However no effect in resistance to antimicrobial peptides was found. Thus, the role of Ail and PagC proteins in  Photorhabdus  life cycle is discussed.

Ail and PagC-Related Proteins in the Entomopathogenic Bacteria of Photorhabdus Genus