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Penicillium marneffei , one of the most important thermal dimorphic fungi, is a severe threat to the life of immunocompromised patients. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of  P. marneffei  remain largely unknown. In this work, we developed a model host by using nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans  to investigate the virulence of  P. marneffei . Using two  P. marneffei  clinical isolate strains 570 and 486, we revealed that in both liquid and solid media, the ingestion of live  P. marneffei  was lethal to  C. elegans  ( P <0.001). Meanwhile, our results showed that the strain 570, which can produce red pigment, had stronger pathogenicity in  C. elegans  than the strain 486, which can’t produce red pigment ( P <0.001). Microscopy showed the formation of red pigment and hyphae within  C. elegans  after incubation with  P. marneffei  for 4 h, which are supposed to be two contributors in nematodes killing. In addition, we used  C. elegans  as an  in vivo  model to evaluate different antifungal agents against  P. marneffei , and found that antifungal agents including amphotericin B, terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole successfully prolonged the survival of nematodesinfected by  P. marneffei . Overall, this alternative model host can provide us an easy tool to study the virulence of  P. marneffei  and screen antifungal agents.

Caenorhabditis elegans: A Simple Nematode Infection Model for Penicillium marneffei