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Background  The genus  Corylus  is an important woody species in Northeast China. Its products, hazelnuts, constitute one of the most important raw materials for the pastry and chocolate industry. However, limited genetic research has focused on  Corylus  because of the lack of genomic resources. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies provides a turning point for  Corylus  research. In the present study, we performed  de novo  transcriptome sequencing for the first time to produce a comprehensive database for the  Corylus heterophylla  Fisch floral buds.    Results  The  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds transcriptome was sequenced using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. We produced 28,930,890 raw reads and assembled them into 82,684 contigs. A total of 40,941 unigenes were identified, among which 30,549 were annotated in the NCBI Non-redundant (Nr) protein database and 18,581 were annotated in the Swiss-Prot database. Of these annotated unigenes, 25,311 and 10,514 unigenes were assigned to gene ontology (GO) categories and clusters of orthologous groups (COG), respectively. We could map 17,207 unigenes onto 128 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway (KEGG) database. Additionally, based on the transcriptome, we constructed a candidate cold tolerance gene set of  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds. The expression patterns of selected genes during four stages of cold acclimation suggested that these genes might be involved in different cold responsive stages in  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds.    Conclusion  The transcriptome of  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds was deep sequenced,  de novo  assembled, and annotated, providing abundant data to better understand the  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds transcriptome. Candidate genes potentially involved in cold tolerance were identified, providing a material basis for future molecular mechanism analysis of  C. heterophylla  Fisch floral buds tolerant to cold stress.

Transcriptome Sequencing and Identification of Cold Tolerance Genes in Hardy Corylus Species (C. heterophylla Fisch) Floral Buds