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Second generation  Bt  crops (insect resistant crops carrying  Bacillus thuringiensis  genes) combine more than one gene that codes for insecticidal proteins in the same plant to provide better control of agricultural pests. Some of the new combinations involve co-expression of  cry  and  vip  genes. Because Cry and Vip proteins have different midgut targets and possibly different mechanisms of toxicity, it is important to evaluate possible synergistic or antagonistic interactions between these two classes of toxins. Three members of the Cry1 class of proteins and three from the Vip3A class were tested against  Heliothis virescens  for possible interactions. At the level of LC 50 , Cry1Ac was the most active protein, whereas the rest of proteins tested were similarly active. However, at the level of LC 90 , Cry1Aa and Cry1Ca were the least active proteins, and Cry1Ac and Vip3A proteins were not significantly different. Under the experimental conditions used in this study, we found an antagonistic effect of Cry1Ca with the three Vip3A proteins. The interaction between Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa was also tested on two other species of Lepidoptera. Whereas antagonism was observed in  Spodoptera frugiperda , synergism was found in  Diatraea saccharalis . In all cases, the interaction between Vip3A and Cry1 proteins was more evident at the LC 90  level than at the LC 50  level. The fact that the same combination of proteins may result in a synergistic or an antagonistic interaction may be an indication that there are different types of interactions within the host, depending on the insect species tested.

Synergism and Antagonism between Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3A and Cry1 Proteins in Heliothis virescens, Diatraea saccharalis and Spodoptera frugiperda