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Objectives  Epidemic methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA) clones cause infections in both hospital and community settings. As a biofilm phenotype further facilitates evasion of the host immune system and antibiotics, we compared the biofilm-forming capacities of various MRSA clones.    Methods  Seventy-six MRSA classified into 13 clones (USA300, EMRSA-15, Hungarian/Brazilian etc.), and isolated from infections or from carriers were studied for biofilm formation under static and dynamic conditions. Static biofilms in microtitre plates were quantified colorimetrically. Dynamic biofilms (Bioflux 200, Fluxion, USA) were studied by confocal laser-scanning and time-lapse microscopy, and the total volume occupied by live/dead bacteria quantified by Volocity 5.4.1 (Improvision, UK).    Results  MRSA harbouring SCC mec  IV produced significantly more biomass under static conditions than SCC mec  I–III (P = 0.003), and those harbouring SCC mec  II significantly less than those harbouring SCC mec  I or III (P<0.001). In the dynamic model, SCC mec  I–III harbouring MRSA were significantly better biofilm formers than SCC mec  IV (P = 0.036). Only 16 strains successfully formed biofilms under both conditions, of which 13 harboured SCC mec  IV and included all tested USA300 strains (n = 3). However, USA300 demonstrated remarkably lower percentages of cell-occupied space (6.6%) compared to the other clones (EMRSA-15 = 19.0%) under dynamic conditions. Time-lapse microscopy of dynamic biofilms demonstrated that USA300 formed long viscoelastic tethers that stretched far from the point of attachment, while EMRSA-15 consisted of micro-colonies attached densely to the surface.    Conclusions  MRSA harbouring SCC mec  types IV and I–III demonstrate distinct biofilm forming capacities, possibly owing to their adaptation to the community and hospital settings, respectively. USA300 demonstrated abundant biofilm formation under both conditions, which probably confers a competitive advantage, contributing to its remarkable success as a pathogen.

Comparison of Biofilm Formation between Major Clonal Lineages of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus