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Genus  Ocimum  contains a reservoir of diverse secondary metabolites, which are known for their defense and medicinal value. However, the defense-related metabolites from this genus have not been studied in depth. To gain deeper insight into inducible defense metabolites, we examined the overall biochemical and metabolic changes in  Ocimum kilimandscharicum  that occurred in response to the feeding of  Helicoverpa armigera  larvae. Metabolic analysis revealed that the primary and secondary metabolism of local and systemic tissues in  O. kilimandscharicum  was severely affected following larval infestation. Moreover, levels of specific secondary metabolites like camphor, limonene and β-caryophyllene (known to be involved in defense) significantly increased in leaves upon insect attack. Choice assays conducted by exposing  H. armigera  larvae on  O. kilimandscharicum  and tomato leaves, demonstrated that  O. kilimandscharicum  significantly deters larval feeding. Further, when larvae were fed on  O. kilimandscharicum  leaves, average body weight decreased and mortality of the larvae increased. Larvae fed on artificial diet supplemented with  O. kilimandscharicum  leaf extract, camphor, limonene and β-caryophyllene showed growth retardation, increased mortality rates and pupal deformities. Digestive enzymes of  H. armigera -  namely, amylase, protease and lipase- showed variable patterns after feeding on  O. kilimandscharicum,  which implies striving of the larvae to attain required nutrition for growth, development and metamorphosis. Evidently, selected metabolites from  O. kilimandscharicum  possess significant insecticidal activity.

Insecticidal Potential of Defense Metabolites from Ocimum kilimandscharicum against Helicoverpa armigera