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Flowering time and plant height are important agronomic traits for crop production. In this study, we characterized a semi-dwarf and late flowering ( dlf1 ) mutation of rice that has pleiotropic effects on these traits. The  dlf1  mutation was caused by a T-DNA insertion and the cloned  Dlf1  gene was found to encode a WRKY transcription factor (OsWRKY11). The  dlf1  mutant contains a T-DNA insertion at the promoter region, leading to enhanced accumulation of  Dlf1  transcripts, resulting in a semidominant mutation. The  dlf1  mutation suppressed the transcription of  Ehd2/RID1/OsId1  and its downstream flowering-time genes including  Hd1 ,  Ehd1  and  Hd3a  under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Knock-down of  Dlf1  expression exhibited early flowering at LD condition related to the wild-type plants. Accumulation of  Dlf1  mRNA was observed in most tissues, and two splicing forms of  Dlf1  cDNAs were obtained ( OsWRKY11.1  and  OsWRKY11.2 ). These two proteins showed transactivation activity in yeast cells. Dlf1 protein was found to be localized in the nucleus. Enhanced expression of  OsWRKY11.2  or its 5′ truncated gene showed similar phenotypes to the  dlf1  mutant, suggesting that it might function as a negative regulator. We conclude that Dlf1 acts as a transactivator to downregulate  Ehd2/RID1/OsId1  in the signal transduction pathway of flowering and plays an important role in the regulation of plant height in rice.

Dlf1, a WRKY Transcription Factor, Is Involved in the Control of Flowering Time and Plant Height in Rice