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The diamondback moth (DBM)  Plutella xylostella  (L.) has traditionally been managed using synthetic insecticides. However, the increasing resistance of DBM to insecticides offers an impetus to practice integrated pest management (IPM) strategies by exploiting its natural enemies such as pathogens, parasitoids, and predators. Nevertheless, the interactions between pathogens and parasitoids and/or predators might affect the effectiveness of the parasitoids in regulating the host population. Thus, the parasitism rate of  Nosema -infected DBM by  Cotesia vestalis  (Haliday) (Hym., Braconidae) can be negatively influenced by such interactions. In this study, we investigated the effects of  Nosema  infection in DBM on the parasitism performance of  C. vestalis . The results of no-choice test showed that  C. vestalis  had a higher parasitism rate on non-infected host larvae than on  Nosema -treated host larvae. The  C. vestalis  individuals that emerged from  Nosema -infected DBM (F1) and their progeny (F2) had smaller pupae, a decreased rate of emergence, lowered fecundity, and a prolonged development period compared to those of the control group. DBM infection by  Nosema  sp. also negatively affected the morphometrics of  C. vestalis . The eggs of female  C. vestalis  that developed in  Nosema -infected DBM were larger than those of females that developed in non-infected DBM. These detrimental effects on the F1 and F2 generations of  C. vestalis  might severely impact the effectiveness of combining pathogens and parasitoids as parts of an IPM strategy for DBM control.

plos one

Parasitism Performance and Fitness of Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Infected with Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae): Implications in Integrated Pest Management Strategy