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This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of  Chlamydia trachomatis ,  Mycoplasmas , and  Ureaplasmas  in semen samples of the male partners of infertile couples and to investigate whether  Chlamydia trachomatis  could initiate apoptosis in human spermatozoa. A total of 85 males partners of infertile couples undergoing routine semen analysis according to World Health Organization guidelines were included. Specimens were examined for the presence of  Chlamydia trachomatis ,  Neisseria gonorrhoeae ,  Mycoplasma hominis ,  Mycoplasma genitalium ,  Ureaplasma urealyticum  and  Ureaplasma parvum  by Real time PCR (qPCR). Semen specimens were analysed for the appearance of apoptotic markers (sperm DNA fragmentation, activated caspase 3 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)) using flow cytometry.  C. trachomatis ,  N. gonorrhoeae ,  U. urealyticum ,  M genitalium  were detected in semen samples of 13 (15.2%), 5 (5.8%), 5 (5.8%) and 3 (3.5%) male partners of infertile couples, respectively.  M. hominis  and  U. parvum  were detected in semen sample of only one patient (1.1%). The semen of infertile men positive for  C. trachomatis  showed lower mean of semen count and lower rapid progressive motility (category [a]) of spermatozoa compared to uninfected men with statistically significances ( p  = 0.02 and  p  = 0.04, respectively). Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated a significant increase of the mean rate of semen with low ΔΨm and caspase 3 activation of infertile men positive for  C. trachomatis  compared to uninfected men ( p  = 0.006 and  p  = 0.001, respectively). DNA fragmentation was also increased in sperm of infertile men positive for  C. trachomatis  compared to uninfected men but without statistical significances ( p  = 0.62).  Chlamydial  infection was associated to loss of ΔΨm and caspase 3activation. Thus,  C .  trachomatis  infection could be incriminated in apoptosis induction of spermatozoa. These effects may explain the negative direct impact of  C. trachomatis  infection on sperm fertilizing ability.

plos one

Molecular Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Other Sexually Transmitted Bacteria in Semen of Male Partners of Infertile Couples in Tunisia: The Effect on Semen Parameters and Spermatozoa Apoptosis Markers