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The production and consumption of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in soil profile are poorly understood. This work sought to quantify the GHG production and consumption at seven depths (0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–150, 150–200, 200–250 and 250–300 cm) in a long-term field experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, and four N application rates (0; 200; 400 and 600 kg N ha −1  year −1 ) in the North China Plain.  The gas samples were taken twice a week and analyzed by gas chromatography. GHG production and consumption in soil layers were inferred using Fick’s law. Results showed nitrogen application significantly increased N 2 O fluxes in soil down to 90 cm but did not affect CH 4  and CO 2  fluxes. Soil moisture played an important role in soil profile GHG fluxes; both CH 4  consumption and CO 2  fluxes in and from soil tended to decrease with increasing soil water filled pore space (WFPS). The top 0–60 cm of soil was a sink of atmospheric CH 4 , and a source of both CO 2  and N 2 O, more than 90% of the annual cumulative GHG fluxes originated at depths shallower than 90 cm; the subsoil (>90 cm) was not a major source or sink of GHG, rather it acted as a ‘reservoir’. This study provides quantitative evidence for the production and consumption of CH 4 , CO 2  and N 2 O in the soil profile.

Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Soil Profile under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation in the North China Plain