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Our previous work demonstrated that application of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) to a banana mono-culture orchard with serious  Fusarium  wilt disease effectively decreased the number of soil  Fusarium  sp. and controlled the soil-borne disease. Because bacteria are an abundant and diverse group of soil organisms that responds to soil health, deep 16 S rRNA pyrosequencing was employed to characterize the composition of the bacterial community to investigate how it responded to BIO or the application of other common composts and to explore the potential correlation between bacterial community, BIO application and  Fusarium  wilt disease suppression. After basal quality control, 137,646 sequences and 9,388 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the 15 soil samples.  Proteobacteria ,  Acidobacteria ,  Bacteroidetes ,  Gemmatimonadetes  and  Actinobacteria  were the most frequent phyla and comprised up to 75.3% of the total sequences. Compared to the other soil samples, BIO-treated soil revealed higher abundances of  Gemmatimonadetes  and  Acidobacteria , while  Bacteroidetes  were found in lower abundance. Meanwhile, on genus level, higher abundances compared to other treatments were observed for  Gemmatimonas  and  Gp4 . Correlation and redundancy analysis showed that the abundance of  Gemmatimonas  and  Sphingomonas  and the soil total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content were higher after BIO application, and they were all positively correlated with disease suppression. Cumulatively, the reduced  Fusarium  wilt disease incidence that was seen after BIO was applied for 1-year might be attributed to the general suppression based on a shift within the bacteria soil community, including specific enrichment of  Gemmatimonas  and  Sphingomonas .

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Deep 16S rRNA Pyrosequencing Reveals a Bacterial Community Associated with Banana Fusarium Wilt Disease Suppression Induced by Bio-Organic Fertilizer Application