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Background  The cholera outbreaks in Thailand during 2007–2010 were exclusively caused by the  Vibrio cholerae  O1 El Tor variant carrying the cholera toxin gene of the classical biotype. We previously isolated a  V. cholerae  O1 El Tor strain from a patient with diarrhea and designated it MS6. Multilocus sequence-typing analysis revealed that MS6 is most closely related to the U. S. Gulf Coast clone with the exception of two novel housekeeping genes.    Methodology/Principal Findings  The nucleotide sequence of the genome of MS6 was determined and compared with those of 26  V. cholerae  strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources worldwide. We show here that the MS6 isolate is distantly related to the ongoing seventh pandemic  V. cholerae  O1 El Tor strains. These strains differ with respect to polymorphisms in housekeeping genes, seventh pandemic group-specific markers, CTX phages, two genes encoding predicted transmembrane proteins, the presence of  metY  (MS6_A0927) or  hchA/luxR  in a highly conserved region of the  V. cholerae  O1 serogroup, and a superintegron (SI). We found that  V. cholerae  species carry either  hchA/luxR  or  metY  and that the  V. cholerae  O1 clade commonly possesses  hchA/luxR,  except for MS6 and U. S. Gulf Coast strains. These findings illuminate the evolutionary relationships among  V. cholerae  O1 strains. Moreover, the MS6 SI carries a quinolone-resistance gene cassette, which was closely related with those present in plasmid-borne integrons of other gram-negative bacteria.    Conclusions/Significance  Phylogenetic analysis reveals that MS6 is most closely related to a U. S. Gulf Coast clone, indicating their divergence before that of the El Tor biotype strains from a common  V. cholerae  O1 ancestor. We propose that MS6 serves as an environmental aquatic reservoir of  V. cholerae  O1.

plos one

Comparative Genomic Characterization of a Thailand–Myanmar Isolate, MS6, of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, Which Is Phylogenetically Related to a “US Gulf Coast” Clone