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Based on sequence data from ITS rDNA,  cox1  and  cox2 , six  Peronospora  species are recognised as phylogenetically distinct on various  Papaver  species. The host ranges of the four already described species  P. arborescens ,  P. argemones ,  P. cristata  and  P. meconopsidis  are clarified. Based on sequence data and morphology, two new species,  P. apula  and  P. somniferi , are described from  Papaver apulum  and  P. somniferum , respectively. The second  Peronospora  species parasitizing  Papaver somniferum , that was only recently recorded as  Peronospora cristata  from Tasmania, is shown to represent a distinct taxon,  P. meconopsidis , originally described from  Meconopsis cambrica . It is shown that  P. meconopsidis  on  Papaver somniferum  is also present and widespread in Europe and Asia, but has been overlooked due to confusion with  P. somniferi  and due to less prominent, localized disease symptoms. Oospores are reported for the first time for  P. meconopsidis  from Asian collections on  Papaver somniferum . Morphological descriptions, illustrations and a key are provided for all described  Peronospora  species on  Papaver .  cox1  and  cox2  sequence data are confirmed as equally good barcoding loci for reliable  Peronospora  species identification, whereas ITS rDNA does sometimes not resolve species boundaries. Molecular phylogenetic data reveal high host specificity of  Peronospora  on  Papaver , which has the important phytopathological implication that wild  Papaver  spp. cannot play any role as primary inoculum source for downy mildew epidemics in cultivated opium poppy crops.

plos one

Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species