English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The yeast  Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous  synthesizes the carotenoid astaxanthin, which has applications in biotechnology because of its antioxidant and pigmentation properties. However, wild-type strains produce too low amounts of carotenoids to be industrially competitive. Considering this background, it is indispensable to understand how the synthesis of astaxanthin is controlled and regulated in this yeast. In this work, the steps leading to the synthesis of the carotenoid precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP, C 20 ) in  X. dendrorhous  from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, C 5 ) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP, C 5 ) was characterized. Two prenyl transferase encoding genes,  FPS  and  crtE , were expressed in  E. coli . The enzymatic assays using recombinant  E. coli  protein extracts demonstrated that  FPS  and  crtE  encode a farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, C 15 ) synthase and a GGPP-synthase, respectively.  X. dendrorhous  FPP-synthase produces geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C 10 ) from IPP and DMAPP and FPP from IPP and GPP, while the  X. dendrorhous  GGPP-synthase utilizes only FPP and IPP as substrates to produce GGPP. Additionally, the  FPS  and  crtE  genes were over-expressed in  X. dendrorhous,  resulting in an increase of the total carotenoid production. Because the parental strain is diploid, the deletion of one of the alleles of these genes did not affect the total carotenoid production, but the composition was significantly altered. These results suggest that the over-expression of these genes might provoke a higher carbon flux towards carotenogenesis, most likely involving an earlier formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex. Conversely, the lower carbon flux towards carotenogenesis in the deletion mutants might delay or lead to a partial formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex, which could explain the accumulation of astaxanthin carotenoid precursors in these mutants. In conclusion, the  FPS  and the  crtE  genes represent good candidates to manipulate to favor carotenoid biosynthesis in  X. dendrorhous .

plos one

Functional Characterization of the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase and Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Encoding Genes That Are Involved in the Synthesis of Isoprenoid Precursors