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Heterosis is associated with differential gene expression between hybrids and their parental lines, and the genes involved in cell proliferation played important roles.  AtARF2  is a general cell proliferation repressor in  Arabidopsis . In our previous study, two homologues ( ZmARF10 and ZmARF25 ) of  AtARF2  were identified in maize, but their relationship with heterosis was not elucidated. Here, the expression patterns of  ZmARF10 and ZmARF25  in seedling leaves of maize hybrids and their parental lines were analyzed. The results of qRT-PCR exhibited that  ZmARF25  was down-regulated in leaf basal region of hybrids. Moreover, overexpression of  ZmARF25  led to reduced organ size in  Arabidopsis , which was mainly due to the decrease in cell number, not cell size. In addition, the cell proliferation related genes  AtANT, AtGIF1  and  AtGRF5  were down-regulated in 35S:: ZmARF25  transgenic lines. Collectively, we proposed that the down-regulation of  ZmARF25  in maize hybrid may accelerate cell proliferation and promote leaf development, which, in turn, contributes to the observed leaf size heterosis in maize.

Ectopic Expression of a Maize Hybrid Down-Regulated Gene ZmARF25 Decreases Organ Size by Affecting Cellular Proliferation in Arabidopsis