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Pyropia  has a unique heteromorphic life cycle with alternation stages between thallus and conchocelis, which lives at different water temperatures in different seasons. To better understand the different adaptation strategies for temperature stress, we tried to observe comparative biochemical changes of  Pyropia haitanensis  based on a short term heat shock model. The results showed that: (1) At normal temperature, free-living conchocelis contains significantly higher levels of H 2 O 2 , fatty acid-derived volatiles, the copy number of  Phrboh  and  Phhsp70  genes,the activities of NADPH oxidase and floridoside than those in thallus. The released H 2 O 2  and NADPH oxidase activity of conchocelis were more than 7 times higher than those of thallus. The copy number of  Phrboh  in conchocelis was 32 times that in thallus. (2) After experiencing heat shock at 35°C for 30 min, the H 2 O 2  contents, the mRNA levels of  Phrboh  and  Phhsp70 , NADPH oxidase activity and the floridoside content in thallus were all significantly increased. The mRNA levels of  Phrboh  increased 5.78 times in 5 min, NADPH oxidase activity increased 8.45 times in 20 min. (3) Whereas, in conchocelis, the changes in fatty acids and their down-stream volatiles predominated, significantly increasing levels of saturated fatty acids and decreasing levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids occurred, and the 8-carbon volatiles were accumulated. However, the changes in H 2 O 2  content and expression of oxidant-related genes and enzymatic activity were not obvious. Overall, these results indicate that conchocelis maintains a high level of active protective apparatus to endure its survival at high temperature, while thallus exhibit typical stress responses to heat shock. It is concluded that  Pyropia haitanensis  has evolved a delicate strategy for temperature adaptation for its heteromorphic life cycle.

Different Responses to Heat Shock Stress Revealed Heteromorphic Adaptation Strategy of Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)