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Background    Aedes albopictus  has recently been implicated as a major vector in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in several parts of India, like Orissa, which is gradually gaining endemicity for arboviral diseases.  Ae. albopictus  is further known to be naturally infected with  Wolbachia  (maternally inherited bacterium), which causes cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in mosquitoes leading to sperm-egg incompatibility inducing the death of embryo. Knowledge of genetic diversity of  Ae. albopictus , along with revealing the type of  Wolbachia  infection in  Ae. albopictus  is important to explore the genetic and biological characteristics of  Ae. albopictus , prior to exploring the uses of CI-based vector control strategies. In this study, we assessed the population genetic structure and the pattern of  Wolbachia  infection in  Ae. albopictus  mosquitoes of Orissa.    Methods and Results    Ae. albopictus  mosquitoes were collected from 15 districts representing the four physiographical regions of Orissa from 2010–2012, analyzed for genetic variability at seven microsatellite loci and genotyped for  Wolbachia  strain detection using  wsp  gene primers. Most microsatellite markers were successfully amplified and were polymorphic, showing moderate genetic structure among all geographic populations (F ST  = 0.088). Genetic diversity was high (F ST  = 0.168) in Coastal Plains populations when compared with other populations, which was also evident from cluster analyses that showed most Coastal Plains populations consisted of a separate genetic cluster. Genotyping analyses revealed that  Wolbachia -infected  Ae. albopictus  field populations of Orissa were mostly superinfected with wAlbA and wAlbB strains.  Wolbachia  superinfection was more pronounced in the Coastal Plain populations.    Conclusion  High genetic structure and  Wolbachia  superinfection, observed in the Coastal Plain populations of Orissa suggested it to be genetically and biologically more unique than other populations, and hence could influence their vectorial attributes. Such high genetic diversity observed among Coastal Plains populations could be attributed to multiple introductions of  Ae. albopictus  in this region.

Genetic Structure and Wolbachia Genotyping in Naturally Occurring Populations of Aedes albopictus across Contiguous Landscapes of Orissa, India