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Human keratinocytes are able to express various antimicrobial peptides (AMP) to protect the skin from exaggerated microbial colonization and infection. Recently,  in vitro  growth-inhibiting activity of the skin-derived AMP psoriasin, RNase 7 and human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 against dermatophytes such as  Trichophyton  ( T. )  rubrum  have been reported. To evaluate whether keratinocytes are able to respond to  T. rubrum  infection by an induced expression of AMP we exposed primary keratinocytes to living conidia of  T. rubrum . This led to conidia germination and mycelial growth which was paralleled by a strong gene induction of the skin-derived AMP RNase 7 and hBD-3. Gene expression of the AMP psoriasin (S100A7) and hBD-2 were only slightly induced. The  T. rubrum -mediated RNase 7 gene induction was accompanied by increased secretion of RNase 7. Parallel treatment of the keratinocytes with  T. rubrum  and the cytokine combination IL-17A/IFN-γ resulted in synergistic induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3 expression. Since patients receiving therapy by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) more often suffer from dermatophytoses we investigated whether EGFR may be involved in the  T. rubrum -mediated RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction. Primary keratinocytes incubated with an EGFR blocking antibody as well as with the EGFR antagonist AG1478 showed a significantly diminished RNase 7 and hBD-3 induction upon exposure of the keratinocytes to  T. rubrum  indicating that EGFR is involved in the  T. rubrum-mediated  induction of RNase 7 and hBD-3. The growth of  T. rubrum in vitro  was inhibited by hBD-3 in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that hBD-3 may contribute to cutaneous innate defense against  T. rubrum . Taken together our data indicate that keratinocytes are able to initiate a fast defense response towards  T. rubrum  by the increased expression of AMP active against  T. rubrum . A dysregulation of AMP may contribute to chronic and recurring dermatophytoses.

Infection of Keratinocytes with Trichophytum rubrum Induces Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent RNase 7 and Human Beta-Defensin-3 Expression