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Two bioelectrochemical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) developed by integrating microbial fuel cell and MBR technology were operated under closed-circuit and open-circuit modes, and high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing was used to investigate the effects of the power generation on the microbial community of bio-anode and bio-cathode. Microbes on the anode under open-circuit operation (A O ) were enriched and highly diverse when compared to those on the anode under closed-circuit operation (A C ). However, among the cathodes the closed-circuit mode (C C ) had richer and more diverse microbial community compared to the cathode under open-circuit mode (C O ). On the anodes A O  and A C ,  Proteobacteria  and  Bacteroidetes  were the dominant phyla, while  Firmicutes  was enriched only on A C .  Deltaproteobacteria  affiliated to  Proteobacteria  were also more abundant on A C  than A O . Furthermore, the relative abundance of  Desulfuromonas , which are well-known electrogenic bacteria, were much higher on A C  (10.2%) when compared to A O  (0.11%), indicating that closed-circuit operation was more conducive for the growth of electrogenic bacteria on the anodes. On the cathodes,  Protebacteria  was robust on C C  while  Bacteroidetes  was more abundant on C O .  Rhodobacter  and  Hydrogenophaga  were also enriched on C C  than C O , suggesting that these genera play a role in electron transfer from the cathode surface to the terminal electron acceptors in the bioelectrochemical MBR under closed-circuit operation.

Identification of Microbial Communities in Open and Closed Circuit Bioelectrochemical MBRs by High-Throughput 454 Pyrosequencing