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Background & Aims  The cellular immunity has a profound impact on the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the response of cellular immunity on the virological response in patients with antiviral treatment remains largely unclear. We aimed to clarify the response of peripheral T cells and monocytes in chronic hepatitis C patients with antiviral treatment.    Methods  Patients with chronic hepatitis C were treated either with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin (n = 37) or with pegylated interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin (n = 33) for up to 24 weeks. Frequencies of peripheral regulatory T-cells (Tregs), programmed death-1 (PD-1) expressing CD4 +  T-cells or CD8 +  T-cells and toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 expressing CD14 +  monocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry in patients at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks following treatment and in 20 healthy controls.    Results  Frequencies of Tregs, PD-1 and TLR3 expressing cells were higher in patients than those in control subjects ( P <0.05). Patients with complete early virological response (cEVR) showed lower Tregs, PD-1 expressing CD4 +  or CD8 +  T-cells than those without cEVR at 12 weeks ( P <0.05). Patients with low TLR3 expressing CD14 +  monocytes at baseline had a high rate of cEVR ( P <0.05).    Conclusions  Low peripheral TLR3 expressing CD14 +  monocytes at baseline could serve as a predictor for cEVR of antiviral therapy in chronic HCV-infected patients. The cEVR rates were significantly increased in the patients with reduced circulating Tregs, PD-1 expressing CD4 +  or CD8 +  T-cells.    Trial Registration    Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR10001090 .

Regulatory Phenotype, PD-1 and TLR3 Expression in T Cells and Monocytes from HCV Patients Undergoing Antiviral Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial