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PSA (Promastigote Surface Antigen) belongs to a family of membrane-bound and secreted proteins present in several  Leishmania  ( L .) species. PSA is recognized by human Th1 cells and provides a high degree of protection in vaccinated mice. We evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses induced by a  L. amazonensis  PSA protein ( La PSA-38S) produced in a  L. tarentolae  expression system. This was done in individuals cured of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to  L. major  (CCLm) or  L. braziliensis  (CCLb) or visceral leishmaniasis due to  L. donovani  (CVLd) and in healthy individuals. Healthy individuals were subdivided into immune (HHR- Lm  and HHR- Li : Healthy High Responders living in an endemic area for  L. major  or  L. infantum  infection) or non immune/naive individuals (HLR: Healthy Low Responders), depending on whether they produce high or low levels of IFN-γ in response to  Leishmania  soluble antigen. Low levels of total IgG antibodies to  La PSA-38S were detected in sera from the studied groups. Interestingly,  La PSA-38S induced specific and significant levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B and IL-10 in CCLm, HHR- Lm  and HHR- Li  groups, with HHR- Li  group producing TNF-α in more. No significant cytokine response was observed in individuals immune to  L. braziliensis  or  L. donovani  infection. Phenotypic analysis showed a significant increase in CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ after  La PSA-38S stimulation, in CCLm. A high positive correlation was observed between the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and the released IFN-γ. We showed that the  La PSA-38S protein was able to induce a mixed Th1 and Th2/Treg cytokine response in individuals with immunity to  L. major  or  L. infantum  infection indicating that it may be exploited as a vaccine candidate. We also showed, to our knowledge for the first time, the capacity of  Leishmania  PSA protein to induce granzyme B production in humans with immunity to  L. major  and  L. infantum  infection.

In Vitro Evaluation of a Soluble Leishmania Promastigote Surface Antigen as a Potential Vaccine Candidate against Human Leishmaniasis