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Recent experiments reveal both passive subdiffusion of various nanoparticlesand anomalous active transport of such particles by molecular motors in themolecularly crowded environment of living biological cells. Passive and activemicrorheology reveals that the origin of this anomalous dynamics is due to theviscoelasticity of the intracellular fluid. How do molecular motors perform insuch a highly viscous, dissipative environment? Can we explain the observedco-existence of the anomalous transport of relatively large particles of 100 to500 nm in size by kinesin motors with the normal transport of smaller particlesby the same molecular motors? What is the efficiency of molecular motors in theanomalous transport regime? Here we answer these seemingly conflictingquestions and consistently explain experimental findings in a generalization ofthe well-known continuous diffusion model for molecular motors with twoconformational states in which viscoelastic effects are included.

Coexistence and efficiency of normal and anomalous transport by molecular motors in living cells