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Plants respond to pathogens and insect attacks by inducing and accumulating a large set of defense-related proteins. Two homologues of a barley wound-inducible protein (BARWIN) have been characterized in sugarcane, SUGARWIN1 and SUGARWIN2 ( sugarcane wound-inducible proteins ). Induction of  SUGARWINs  occurs in response to  Diatraea saccharalis  damage but not to pathogen infection. In addition, the protein itself does not show any effect on insect development; instead, it has antimicrobial activities toward  Fusarium verticillioides , an opportunistic fungus that usually occurs after  D. saccharalis  borer attacks on sugarcane. In this study, we sought to evaluate the specificity of SUGARWIN2 to better understand its mechanism of action against phytopathogens and the associations between fungi and insects that affect plants. We used  Colletotrichum falcatum , a fungus that causes red rot disease in sugarcane fields infested by  D. saccharalis , and  Ceratocystis paradoxa , which causes pineapple disease in sugarcane. We also tested whether SUGARWIN2 is able to cause cell death in  Aspergillus nidulans , a fungus that does not infect sugarcane, and in the model yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is used for bioethanol production. Recombinant SUGARWIN2 altered  C. falcatum  morphology by increasing vacuolization, points of fractures and a leak of intracellular material, leading to germling apoptosis. In  C. paradoxa , SUGARWIN2 showed increased vacuolization in hyphae but did not kill the fungi. Neither the non-pathogenic fungus  A. nidulans  nor the yeast  S. cerevisiae  was affected by recombinant SUGARWIN2, suggesting that the protein is specific to sugarcane opportunistic fungal pathogens.

The Sugarcane Defense Protein SUGARWIN2 Causes Cell Death in Colletotrichum falcatum but Not in Non-Pathogenic Fungi