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Plasmids encoding resistance and virulence properties in multidrug resistant (MDR)  Salmonella enterica  ( S .) serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolates recovered from pigs and humans (2006-2008) in Europe were characterised. The isolates were selected based on the detection by PCR-amplification of  S . Typhimurium virulence plasmid pSLT genes and were analysed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The resistance genes present in the isolates and the association of these genes with integrons, transposons and insertion sequences were characterised by PCR-sequencing, and their plasmid location was determined by alkaline lysis and by S1-nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) Southern-blot hybridisation. Plasmids were further analysed by replicon typing, plasmid MLST and conjugation experiments. The 10  S . 4,[5],12,i:- selected isolates belonged to ST19. Each isolate carried a large plasmid in which MDR with pSLT-associated virulence genes were located. After analysis, eight different plasmids of three incompatibility groups (IncA/C, IncR and IncF) were detected. Two IncA/C plasmids represented novel variants within the plasmid family of the  S . 4,[5],12:i:- Spanish clone, and carried an empty class 1 integron with a conventional  qacE Δ 1 - sul1  3′ conserved segment or an In- sul3  type III with  estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH  variable region linked to  tnpA440-sul3 , part of Tn 2 , Tn 21  and Tn 1721  transposons, and IS CR2 . Four newly described IncR plasmids contained the resistance genes within In- sul3  type I ( dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH / tnpA440 - sul3 ) and part of Tn 10  [ tet (B)]. Two pSLT-derivatives with FIIs-ST1+FIB-ST17 replicons carried  cmlA1 -[ aadA1-aadA2 ]- sul3-dfrA12  and  bla   TEM-1  genes linked to an In- sul3  type I integron and to Tn 2 , respectively. In conclusion, three emerging European clones of  S . 4,[5],12:i:- harboured MDR plasmids encoding additional virulence functions that could contribute significantly to their evolutionary success.

plos one

Diversity of Plasmids Encoding Virulence and Resistance Functions in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 4,[5],12:i:- Strains Circulating in Europe