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Bacteria are believed to play an important role in the fitness and biochemistry of sponges (Porifera).  Pseudomonas  species ( Gammaproteobacteria ,  Pseudomonadales ) are capable of colonizing a broad range of eukaryotic hosts, but knowledge of their diversity and function in freshwater invertebrates is rudimentary. We assessed the diversity, structure and antimicrobial activities of  Pseudomonas  spp. in the freshwater sponge  Ephydatia fluviatilis . Polymerase Chain Reaction – Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprints of the global regulator gene  gacA  revealed distinct structures between sponge-associated and free-living  Pseudomonas  communities, unveiling previously unsuspected diversity of these assemblages in freshwater. Community structures varied across  E. fluviatilis  specimens, yet specific  gacA  phylotypes could be detected by PCR-DGGE in almost all sponge individuals sampled over two consecutive years. By means of whole-genome fingerprinting, 39 distinct genotypes were found within 90 fluorescent  Pseudomonas  isolates retrieved from  E. fluviatilis . High frequency of  in vitro  antibacterial (49%), antiprotozoan (35%) and anti-oomycetal (32%) activities was found among these isolates, contrasting less-pronounced basidiomycetal (17%) and ascomycetal (8%) antagonism. Culture extracts of highly predation-resistant isolates rapidly caused complete immobility or lysis of cells of the protozoan  Colpoda steinii . Isolates tentatively identified as  P. jessenii ,  P. protegens  and  P. oryzihabitans  showed conspicuous inhibitory traits and correspondence with dominant sponge-associated phylotypes registered by cultivation-independent analysis. Our findings suggest that  E. fluviatilis  hosts both transient and persistent  Pseudomonas  symbionts displaying antimicrobial activities of potential ecological and biotechnological value.

plos one

The Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis Harbours Diverse Pseudomonas Species (Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadales) with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity