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The possibility to modulate  ex vivo  human NK cell differentiation towards specific phenotypes will contribute to a better understanding of NK cell differentiation and facilitate tailored production of NK cells for immunotherapy. In this study, we show that addition of a specific low dose of IL-12 to an  ex vivo  NK cell differentiation system from cord blood CD34 +  stem cells will result in significantly increased proportions of cells with expression of CD62L as well as KIRs and CD16 which are preferentially expressed on mature CD56 dim  peripheral blood NK cells. In addition, the cells displayed decreased expression of receptors such as CCR6 and CXCR3, which are typically expressed to a lower extent by CD56 dim  than CD56 bright  peripheral blood NK cells. The increased number of CD62L and KIR positive cells prevailed in a population of CD33 + NKG2A +  NK cells, supporting that maturation occurs via this subtype. Among a series of transcription factors tested we found Gata3 and TOX to be significantly downregulated, whereas ID3 was upregulated in the IL-12-modulated  ex vivo  NK cells, implicating these factors in the observed changes. Importantly, the cells differentiated in the presence of IL-12 showed enhanced cytokine production and cytolytic activity against MHC class I negative and positive targets. Moreover, in line with the enhanced CD16 expression, these cells exhibited improved antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity for B-cell leukemia target cells in the presence of the clinically applied antibody rituximab. Altogether, these data provide evidence that IL-12 directs human  ex vivo  NK cell differentiation towards more mature NK cells with improved properties for potential cancer therapies.

IL-12 Directs Further Maturation of Ex Vivo Differentiated NK Cells with Improved Therapeutic Potential