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The accumulation of independent mutations over time in two populations often leads to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation between diverging populations may be reinforced by barriers that occur either pre- or postzygotically. Hybrid sterility is the most common form of postzygotic isolation in plants. Four postzygotic sterility loci, comprising three hybrid sterility systems ( Sa, s5, DPL ), have been recently identified in  Oryza sativa.  These loci explain, in part, the limited hybridization that occurs between the domesticated cultivated rice varieties,  O. sativa  spp.  japonica  and  O. sativa  spp.  indica . In the United States, cultivated fields of  japonica  rice are often invaded by conspecific weeds that have been shown to be of  indica  origin. Crop-weed hybrids have been identified in crop fields, but at low frequencies. Here we examined the possible role of these hybrid incompatibility loci in the interaction between cultivated and weedy rice. We identified a novel allele at  Sa  that seemingly prevents loss of fertility in hybrids. Additionally, we found wide-compatibility type alleles at strikingly high frequencies at the  Sa  and  s5  loci in weed groups, and a general lack of incompatible alleles between crops and weeds at the  DPL  loci. Our results suggest that weedy individuals, particularly those of the SH and BRH groups, should be able to freely hybridize with the local  japonica  crop, and that prezygotic factors, such as differences in flowering time, have been more important in limiting weed-crop gene flow in the past. As the selective landscape for weedy rice changes due to increased use of herbicide resistant strains of cultivated rice, the genetic barriers that hinder  indica-japonica  hybridization cannot be counted on to limit the flow of favorable crop genes into weeds.

Allele Distributions at Hybrid Incompatibility Loci Facilitate the Potential for Gene Flow between Cultivated and Weedy Rice in the US