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Cladosporium fulvum  is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mould of tomato. Analysis of its genome suggested a high potential for production of secondary metabolites (SM), which might be harmful to plants and animals. Here, we have analysed in detail the predicted SM gene clusters of  C. fulvum  employing phylogenetic and comparative genomic approaches. Expression of the SM core genes was measured by RT-qrtPCR and produced SMs were determined by LC-MS and NMR analyses. The genome of  C. fulvum  contains six gene clusters that are conserved in other fungal species, which have undergone rearrangements and gene losses associated with the presence of transposable elements. Although being a biotroph,  C. fulvum  has the potential to produce elsinochrome and cercosporin toxins. However, the corresponding core genes are not expressed during infection of tomato. Only two core genes,  PKS6  and  NPS9 , show high expression  in planta , but both are significantly down regulated during colonization of the mesophyll tissue.  In vitro  SM profiling detected only one major compound that was identified as cladofulvin.  PKS6  is likely involved in the production of this pigment because it is the only core gene significantly expressed under these conditions. Cladofulvin does not cause necrosis on  Solanaceae  plants and does not show any antimicrobial activity. In contrast to other biotrophic fungi that have a reduced SM production capacity, our studies on  C. fulvum  suggest that down-regulation of SM biosynthetic pathways might represent another mechanism associated with a biotrophic lifestyle.

Secondary Metabolism and Biotrophic Lifestyle in the Tomato Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum