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The social amoeba  Dictyostelium discoideum  was instrumental in the discovery and early characterization of inositol pyrophosphates, a class of molecules possessing highly-energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Inositol pyrophosphates regulate diverse biological processes and are attracting attention due to their ability to control energy metabolism and insulin signalling. However, inositol pyrophosphate research has been hampered by the lack of simple experimental procedures to study them. The recent development of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and simple staining to resolve and detect inositol pyrophosphate species has opened new investigative possibilities. This technology is now commonly applied to study  in vitro  enzymatic reactions. Here we employ PAGE technology to characterize the  D. discoideum  inositol pyrophosphate metabolism. Surprisingly, only three major bands are detectable after resolving acidic extract on PAGE. We have demonstrated that these three bands correspond to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP 6  or Phytic acid) and its derivative inositol pyrophosphates, IP 7  and IP 8 . Biochemical analyses and genetic evidence were used to establish the genuine inositol phosphate nature of these bands. We also identified IP 9  in  D. discoideum  cells, a molecule so far detected only from  in vitro  biochemical reactions. Furthermore, we discovered that this amoeba possesses three different inositol pentakisphosphates (IP 5 ) isomers, which are largely metabolised to inositol pyrophosphates. Comparison of PAGE with traditional Sax-HPLC revealed an underestimation of the cellular abundance of inositol pyrophosphates by traditional methods. In fact our study revealed much higher levels of inositol pyrophosphates in  D. discoideum  in the vegetative state than previously detected. A three-fold increase in IP 8  was observed during development of  D. discoideum  a value lower that previously reported. Analysis of inositol pyrophosphate metabolism using ip6k null amoeba revealed the absence of developmentally-induced synthesis of inositol pyrophosphates, suggesting that the alternative class of enzyme responsible for pyrophosphate synthesis, PP-IP 5 K, doesn’t’ play a major role in the IP 8  developmental increase.

Analysis of Dictyostelium discoideum Inositol Pyrophosphate Metabolism by Gel Electrophoresis