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Campylobacter fetus  are important animal and human pathogens and the two major subspecies differ strikingly in pathogenicity.  C. fetus  subsp.  venerealis  is highly niche-adapted, mainly infecting the genital tract of cattle.  C. fetus  subsp.  fetus  has a wider host-range, colonizing the genital- and intestinal-tract of animals and humans. We report the complete genomic sequence of  C. fetus  subsp.  venerealis  84-112 and comparisons to the genome of  C. fetus  subsp.  fetus  82-40. Functional analysis of genes predicted to be involved in  C. fetus  virulence was performed. The two subspecies are highly syntenic with 92% sequence identity but  C. fetus  subsp.  venerealis  has a larger genome and an extra-chromosomal element. Aside from apparent gene transfer agents and hypothetical proteins, the unique genes in both subspecies comprise two known functional groups: lipopolysaccharide production, and type IV secretion machineries. Analyses of lipopolysaccharide-biosynthesis genes in  C. fetus  isolates showed linkage to particular pathotypes, and mutational inactivation demonstrated their roles in regulating virulence and host range. The comparative analysis presented here broadens knowledge of the genomic basis of  C. fetus  pathogenesis and host specificity. It further highlights the importance of surface-exposed structures to  C. fetus  pathogenicity and demonstrates how evolutionary forces optimize the fitness and host-adaptation of these pathogens.

plos one

Comparative Genome Analysis of Campylobacter fetus Subspecies Revealed Horizontally Acquired Genetic Elements Important for Virulence and Niche Specificity