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Termite nests are often secondarily inhabited by other termite species ( = inquilines) that cohabit with the host. To understand this association, we studied the trail-following behaviour in two Neotropical species,  Constrictotermes cyphergaster  (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and its obligatory inquiline,  Inquilinitermes microcerus  (Termitidae: Termitinae). Using behavioural experiments and chemical analyses, we determined that the trail-following pheromone of  C. cyphergaster  is made of neocembrene and (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol. Although no specific compound was identified in  I. microcerus , workers were able to follow the above compounds in behavioural bioassays. Interestingly, in choice tests,  C. cyphergaster  prefers conspecific over heterospecific trails while  I. microcerus  shows the converse behaviour. In no-choice tests with whole body extracts,  C. cyphergaster  showed no preference for, while  I. microcerus  clearly avoided heterospecific trails. This seems to agree with the hypothesis that trail-following pheromones may shape the cohabitation of  C. cyphergaster  and  I. microcerus  and reinforce the idea that their cohabitation is based on conflict-avoiding strategies.

Mutual Use of Trail-Following Chemical Cues by a Termite Host and Its Inquiline