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In comparison to dicot-infecting bacteria, only limited numbers of genome sequences are available for monocot-infecting and in particular cereal-infecting bacteria. Herein we report the characterisation and genome sequence of  Xanthomonas translucens  isolate DAR61454 pathogenic on wheat and barley. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the ATP synthase beta subunit ( atpD ) gene, DAR61454 is most closely related to other  X. translucens  strains and the sugarcane- and banana- infecting  Xanthomonas  strains, but shares a type III secretion system (T3SS) with  X. translucens  pv.  graminis  and more distantly related xanthomonads. Assays with an adenylate cyclase reporter protein demonstrate that DAR61454's T3SS is functional in delivering proteins to wheat cells.  X. translucens  DAR61454 also encodes two type VI secretion systems with one most closely related to those found in some strains of the rice infecting strain  X. oryzae  pv.  oryzae  but not other xanthomonads. Comparative analysis of 18 different  Xanthomonas  isolates revealed 84 proteins unique to cereal (i.e. rice) infecting isolates and the wheat/barley infecting DAR61454. Genes encoding 60 of these proteins are found in gene clusters in the  X. translucens  DAR61454 genome, suggesting cereal-specific pathogenicity islands. However, none of the cereal pathogen specific proteins were homologous to known  Xanthomonas  spp. effectors. Comparative analysis outside of the bacterial kingdom revealed a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase encoding gene in DAR61454 also present in other bacteria as well as a number of pathogenic  Fusarium  species, suggesting that this gene may have been transmitted horizontally from bacteria to the  Fusarium  lineage of pathogenic fungi. This example further highlights the importance of horizontal gene acquisition from bacteria in the evolution of fungi.

plos one

Genomic Analysis of Xanthomonas translucens Pathogenic on Wheat and Barley Reveals Cross-Kingdom Gene Transfer Events and Diverse Protein Delivery Systems