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As one of the most conserved genes in vertebrates,  FoxP2  is widely involved in a number of important physiological and developmental processes. We systematically studied the evolutionary history and functional adaptations of  FoxP2  in teleosts. The duplicated  FoxP2  genes ( FoxP2a  and  FoxP2b ), which were identified in teleosts using synteny and paralogon analysis on genome databases of eight organisms, were probably generated in the teleost-specific whole genome duplication event. A credible classification with  FoxP2 ,  FoxP2a  and  FoxP2b  in phylogenetic reconstructions confirmed the teleost-specific  FoxP2  duplication. The unavailability of  FoxP2b  in  Danio rerio  suggests that the gene was deleted through nonfunctionalization of the redundant copy after the Otocephala-Euteleostei split. Heterogeneity in evolutionary rates among clusters consisting of  FoxP2  in Sarcopterygii (Cluster 1),  FoxP2a  in Teleostei (Cluster 2) and  FoxP2b  in Teleostei (Cluster 3), particularly between Clusters 2 and 3, reveals asymmetric functional divergence after the gene duplication. Hierarchical cluster analyses of hydrophobicity profiles demonstrated significant structural divergence among the three clusters with verification of subsequent stepwise discriminant analysis, in which FoxP2 of  Leucoraja erinacea  and  Lepisosteus oculatus  were classified into Cluster 1, whereas FoxP2b of  Salmo salar  was grouped into Cluster 2 rather than Cluster 3. The simulated thermodynamic stability variations of the forkhead box domain (monomer and homodimer) showed remarkable divergence in FoxP2, FoxP2a and FoxP2b clusters. Relaxed purifying selection and positive Darwinian selection probably were complementary driving forces for the accelerated evolution of  FoxP2  in ray-finned fishes, especially for the adaptive evolution of  FoxP2a  and  FoxP2b  in teleosts subsequent to the teleost-specific gene duplication.

Rapid Diversification of FoxP2 in Teleosts through Gene Duplication in the Teleost-Specific Whole Genome Duplication Event