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Soil salinity and drought are among the most serious agricultural and environmental problems of today. Therefore, investigations of plant resistance to abiotic stress have received a lot of attention in recent years. In this study, we identified the complete coding sequence of a 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphatase protein, ApHal2, from the halotolerant yeast  Aureobasidium pullulans . Expression of the  ApHAL2  gene in a  Saccharomyces cerevisiae hal2  mutant complemented the mutant auxotrophy for methionine, and rescued the growth of the  hal2  mutant in media with high NaCl concentrations. A 21-amino-acids-long region of the ApHal2 enzyme was inserted into the  Arabidopsis thaliana  homologue of Hal2, the SAL1 phosphatase. The inserted sequence included the META motif, which has previously been implicated in increased sodium tolerance of the Hal2 homologue from a related fungal species. Transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants overexpressing this modified  SAL1 (mSAL1)  showed improved halotolerance and drought tolerance. In a medium with an elevated salt concentration,  mSAL1 -expressing plants were twice as likely to have roots in a higher length category in comparison with the wild-type  Arabidopsis  and with plants overexpressing the native  SAL1 , and had 5% to 10% larger leaf surface area under moderate and severe salt stress, respectively. Similarly, after moderate drought exposure, the  mSAL1 -expressing plants showed 14% increased dry weight after revitalisation, with no increase in dry weight of the wild-type plants. With severe drought, plants overexpressing native  SAL1  had the worst rehydration success, consistent with the recently proposed role of  SAL1  in severe drought. This was not observed for plants expressing  mSAL1 . Therefore, the presence of this fungal META motif sequence is beneficial under conditions of increased salinity and moderate drought, and shows no drawbacks for plant survival under severe drought. This demonstrates that adaptations of extremotolerant fungi should be considered as a valuable resource for improving stress-tolerance in plant breeding in the future.

Insertion of a Specific Fungal 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphatase Motif into a Plant Homologue Improves Halotolerance and Drought Tolerance of Plants