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Intraguild predation (IGP) takes place when natural enemies that use similar resources attack each other. The impact of IGP on biological control can be significant if the survival of natural enemy species is disrupted. In the present study, we assessed whether  Geocoris punctipes  (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) engages in IGP on  Eretmocerus eremicus  (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) while developing on whitefly nymphs of  Trialeurodes vaporariorum  (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In choice and non-choice tests, we exposed  G .  punctipes  to parasitized and non-parasitized whitefly nymphs. We found that  G. punctipes  does practice IGP on  E. eremicus . However, choice tests assessing  G .  punctipes  consumption revealed a significant preference for non-parasitized  T .  vaporariorum  nymphs. Subsequently, we investigated whether  E. eremicus  females modify their foraging behavior when exposed to conditions involving IGP risk. To assess this, we analyzed wasp foraging behavior under the following treatments: i) whitefly nymphs only (control = C), ii) whitefly nymphs previously exposed to a predator ( = PEP) and, iii) whitefly nymphs and presence of a predator ( = PP). In non-choice tests we found that  E .  eremicus  did not significantly modify its number of attacks, attack duration, oviposition duration, or behavior sequences. However,  E .  eremicus  oviposited significantly more eggs in the PEP treatment. In the PP treatment,  G .  punctipes  also preyed upon adult  E .  eremicus  wasps, significantly reducing their number of ovipositions and residence time. When the wasps were studied under choice tests, in which they were exposed simultaneously to all three treatments, the number of attacks and frequency of selection were similar under all treatments. These results indicate that under IGP risk,  E .  eremicus  maintains several behavioral traits, but can also increase its number of ovipositions in the presence of IG-predator cues. We discuss these findings in the context of population dynamics and biological control.

Intraguild Predation on the Whitefly Parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus by the Generalist Predator Geocoris punctipes: A Behavioral Approach