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During the plant immune response, large-scale transcriptional reprogramming is modulated by numerous transcription (co) factors. The    Arabidopsis    basic leucine zipper transcription factors TGA1 and TGA4, which comprise the clade I TGA factors, have been shown to positively contribute to disease resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen   Pseudomonas syringae  . Despite physically interacting with the key immune regulator, NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), following elicitation with salicylic acid (SA), clade I function was shown to be largely independent of NPR1. Unlike mutants in NPR1,  tga1-1 tga4-1  plants do not display reductions in steady-state levels of SA-pathway marker genes following treatment with this phenolic signaling metabolite or after challenge with virulent or avirulent   P. syringae  . By exploiting bacterial strains that have limited capacity to suppress    Arabidopsis    defence responses, the present study demonstrates that  tga1-1 tga4-1  plants are compromised in basal resistance and defective in several apoplastic defence responses, including the oxidative burst of reactive oxygen species, callose deposition, as well as total and apoplastic PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR-1) protein accumulation. Furthermore, analysis of  npr1-1  and the  tga1-1 tga4-1 npr1-1  triple mutant indicates that clade I TGA factors act substantially independent of NPR1 in mediating disease resistance against these strains of   P. syringae  . Increased sensitivity to the  N -glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin and elevated levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker genes encoding ER-resident chaperones in mutant seedlings suggest that loss of apoplastic defence responses is associated with aberrant protein secretion and implicate clade I TGA factors as positive regulators of one or more ER-related secretion pathways.

plos one

Arabidopsis Clade I TGA Factors Regulate Apoplastic Defences against the Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae through Endoplasmic Reticulum-Based Processes