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The number of valid species in the genus  Echinometra  (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and their associated identification keys have been debated in the scientific literature for more than 180 years. As the phylogeny and dispersal patterns of these species have been widely used as a prominent model for marine speciation, new insights into their taxonomy have the potential to deepen our understanding of marine speciation processes. In this study we examine  Echinometra  taxonomy, combining morphology and molecular tools. We present the taxonomy and phylogeny of Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean  Echinometra . The currently available morphological keys were found to be limited in their ability to delineate all species within this genus. Nonetheless, morphological similarities between the Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean populations were high, and delimited them from the other species. These latter populations together formed a monophyletic clade, genetically distant from any of the other  Echinometra  species by more than 3%. Combining both traditional taxonomy and molecular evidence, we found that these populations were neither  Echinometra mathaei  nor  E. oblonga , as previously considered. The morphological discrepancies of these populations, and their genetic divergence from the other  Echinometra  species, suggest that they should be considered as a new  Echinometra  species.

The Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Echinometra (Camarodonta: Echinometridae) from the Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean