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Lepidopteran pheromone receptors (PRs), for which orthologies are evident among closely related species, provide an intriguing example of gene family evolution in terms of how new functions may arise. However, only a limited number of PRs have been functionally characterized so far and thus evolutionary scenarios suffer from elements of speculation. In this study we investigated the turnip moth  Agrotis segetum , in which female moths produce a mixture of chemically related pheromone components that elicit specific responses from receptor cells on male antennae. We cloned nine  A. segetum  PR genes and the  Orco  gene by degenerate primer based RT-PCR. The nine PR genes, named as  AsegOR1  and  AsegOR3-10 , fall into four distinct orthologous clusters of known lepidopteran PRs, of which one contains six paralogues. The paralogues are under relaxed selective pressure, contrasting with the purifying selection on other clusters. We identified the receptors AsegOR9, AsegOR4 and AsegOR5, specific for the respective homologous pheromone components ( Z )-5-decenyl, ( Z )-7-dodecenyl and ( Z )-9-tetradecenyl acetates, by two-electrode voltage clamp recording from  Xenopus laevis  oocytes co-expressing  Orco  and each PR candidate. These receptors occur in three different orthologous clusters. We also found that the six paralogues with high sequence similarity vary dramatically in ligand selectivity and sensitivity. Different from AsegOR9, AsegOR6 showed a relatively large response to the behavioural antagonist ( Z )-5-decenol, and a small response to ( Z )-5-decenyl acetate. AsegOR1 was broadly tuned, but most responsive to ( Z )-5-decenyl acetate, ( Z )-7-dodecenyl acetate and the behavioural antagonist ( Z )-8-dodecenyl acetate. AsegOR8 and AsegOR7, which differ from AsegOR6 and AsegOR1 by 7 and 10 aa respectively, showed much lower sensitivities. AsegOR10 showed only small responses to all the tested compounds. These results suggest that new receptors arise through gene duplication, and relaxed evolutionary constraints or positive selection among paralogues allow functional divergence to occur in spite of purifying selection being the norm.

Functional Evolution of a Multigene Family: Orthologous and Paralogous Pheromone Receptor Genes in the Turnip Moth, Agrotis segetum