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Background  The soil-transmitted helminth (STH),  Trichuris trichiura  colonises the human large intestine where it may modify inflammatory responses, an effect possibly mediated through alterations in the intestinal microbiota. We hypothesised that patent  T. trichiura  infections would be associated with altered faecal microbiota and that anthelmintic treatment would induce a microbiota resembling more closely that observed in uninfected individuals.    Materials and Methods  School children in Ecuador were screened for STH infections and allocated to 3 groups: uninfected,  T. trichiura  only, and mixed infections with  T. trichiura  and  Ascaris lumbricoides . A sample of uninfected children and those with  T. trichiura  infections only were given anthelmintic treatment. Bacterial community profiles in faecal samples were studied by 454 pyrosequencing of 16 S rRNA genes.    Results  Microbiota analyses of faeces were done for 97 children: 30 were uninfected, 17 were infected with  T. trichiura , and 50 with  T. trichiura  and  A. lumbricoides . Post-treatment samples were analyzed for 14 children initially infected with  T. trichiura  alone and for 21 uninfected children. Treatment resulted in 100% cure of STH infections. Comparisons of the microbiota at different taxonomic levels showed no statistically significant differences in composition between uninfected children and those with  T. trichiura  infections. We observed a decreased proportional abundance of a few bacterial genera from the Clostridia class of Firmicutes and a reduced bacterial diversity among children with mixed infections compared to the other two groups, indicating a possible specific effect of  A. lumbricoides  infection. Anthelmintic treatment of children with  T. trichiura  did not alter faecal microbiota composition.    Discussion  Our data indicate that patent human infections with  T. trichiura  may have no effect on faecal microbiota but that  A. lumbricoides  colonisation might be associated with a disturbed microbiota. Our results also catalogue the microbiota of rural Ecuadorians and indicate differences with individuals from more urban industrialised societies.

Patent Human Infections with the Whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, Are Not Associated with Alterations in the Faecal Microbiota