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Temperature variation is an important factor determining the outcomes of interspecific interactions, including those involving hosts and parasites. This can apply to variation in average temperature or to relatively short but intense bouts of extreme temperature. We investigated the effect of heat shock on the ability of aphids ( Aphis fabae ) harbouring protective facultative endosymbionts ( Hamiltonella defensa ) to resist parasitism by Hymenopteran parasitoids ( Lysiphlebus fabarum ). Furthermore, we investigated whether heat shocks can modify previously observed genotype-by-genotype ( G x G ) interactions between different endosymbiont isolates and parasitoid genotypes. Lines of genetically identical aphids possessing different isolates of  H. defensa  were exposed to one of two heat shock regimes (35°C and 39°C) or to a control temperature (20°C) before exposure to three different asexual lines of the parasitoids. We observed strong  G x G  interactions on parasitism rates, reflecting the known genetic specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance, and we observed a significant  G x G x E  interaction induced by heat shocks. However, this three-way interaction was mainly driven by the more extreme heat shock (39°C), which had devastating effects on aphid lifespan and reproduction. Restricting the analysis to the more realistic heat shock of 35°C, the  G x G x E  interaction was weaker (albeit still significant), and it did not lead to any reversals of the aphid lines' susceptibility rankings to different parasitoids. Thus, under conditions feasibly encountered in the field, the relative fitness of different parasitoid genotypes on hosts protected by particular symbiont strains remains mostly uncomplicated by heat stress, which should simplify biological control programs dealing with this system.

Effects of Heat Shock on Resistance to Parasitoids and on Life History Traits in an Aphid/Endosymbiont System