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m -Tyrosine is an amino acid analogue, exuded from the roots of fescue grasses, which acts as a potent allelopathic and a broad spectrum herbicidal chemical. Although the production and toxic effects of  m -tyrosine are known, its microbial degradation has not been documented yet. A soil microcosm study showed efficient degradation of  m -tyrosine by the inhabitant microorganisms. A bacterial strain designated SSC5, that was able to utilize  m -tyrosine as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy, was isolated from the soil microcosm and was characterized as  Bacillus aquimaris . Analytical methods such as HPLC, GC-MS, and  1 H-NMR performed on the resting cell samples identified the formation of 3-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (3-OH-PPA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetate (3-OH-PhAc), and homogentisate (HMG) as major intermediates in the  m -tyrosine degradation pathway. Enzymatic assays carried out on cell-free lysates of  m -tyrosine-induced cells confirmed transamination reaction as the first step of  m -tyrosine degradation. The intermediate 3-OH-PhAc thus obtained was further funneled into the HMG central pathway as revealed by a hydroxylase enzyme assay. Subsequent degradation of HMG occurred by ring cleavage catalyzed by the enzyme homogentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase. This study has significant implications in terms of understanding the environmental fate of  m -tyrosine as well as regulation of its phytotoxic effect by soil microorganisms.

Biodegradation of the Allelopathic Chemical m-Tyrosine by Bacillus aquimaris SSC5 Involves the Homogentisate Central Pathway