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Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium ) is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. They are typically used as cut flowers or potted plants. Chrysanthemum can exhibit red, purple, pink, yellow and white flowers, but lack bright red and blue flowers. In this study, we identified two chrysanthemum cultivars,  C × morifolium  ‘LPi’ and  C × morifolium  ‘LPu’, that only accumulate flavonoids in their ligulate flowers. Next, we isolated seven anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, namely  CmCHS ,  CmF3H ,  CmF3 ’H, CmDFR,  CmANS ,  CmCHI  and  Cm3GT  in these cultivars. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that CmF3′H was the most important enzyme required for cyanidin biosynthsis. To rebuild the delphinidin pathway, we downregulated  CmF3 ’ H  using RNAi and overexpressed the  Senecio cruentus F3 ′ 5 ′ H  ( PCFH ) gene in chrysanthemum. The resultant chrysanthemum demonstrated a significantly increased content of cyanidin and brighter red flower petals but did not accumulate delphinidin. These results indicated that  CmF3 ′ H  in chrysanthemum is important for anthocyanin accumulation, and  Senecio cruentus  F3′5′H only exhibited F3′H activity in chrysanthemum but did not rebuild the delphinidin pathway to form blue flower chrysanthemum.

Flower Colour Modification of Chrysanthemum by Suppression of F3'H and Overexpression of the Exogenous Senecio cruentus F3'5'H Gene