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A 2-year field and incubation experiment was conducted to investigate δ 13 C during the processes of CH 4  emission from the fields subjected to two water managements (flooding and drainage) in the winter fallow season, and further to estimate relative contribution of acetate to total methanogenesis ( F ac  ) and fraction of CH 4  oxidized ( F ox  ) based on the isotopic data. Compared with flooding, drainage generally caused CH 4 , either anaerobically or aerobically produced, depleted in  13 C. There was no obvious difference between the two in transport fractionation factor ( ε transport  ) and δ 13 C-value of emitted CH 4 . CH 4  emission was negatively related to its δ 13 C-value in seasonal variation ( P <0.01). Acetate-dependent methanogenesis in soil was dominant (60–70%) in the late season, while drainage decreased  F ac  -value by 5–10%. On roots however, CH 4  was mostly produced through H 2 /CO 2  reduction (60–100%) over the season. CH 4  oxidation mainly occurred in the first half of the season and roughly 10–90% of the CH 4  was oxidized in the rhizosphere. Drainage increased  F ox  -value by 5–15%, which is possibly attributed to a significant decrease in production while no simultaneous decrease in oxidation. Around 30–70% of the CH 4  was oxidized at the soil-water interface when CH 4  in pore water was released into floodwater, although the amount of CH 4  oxidized therein might be negligible relative to that in the rhizosphere. CH 4  oxidation was also more important in the first half of the season in lab conditions and about 5–50% of the CH 4  was oxidized in soil while almost 100% on roots. Drainage decreased  F ox  -value on roots by 15% as their CH 4  oxidation potential was highly reduced. The findings suggest that water management in the winter fallow season substantially affects  F ac   in the soil and  F ox   in the rhizosphere and roots rather than  F ac   on roots and  F ox   at the soil-water interface.

Methanogenic Pathway and Fraction of CH4 Oxidized in Paddy Fields: Seasonal Variation and Effect of Water Management in Winter Fallow Season