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When using microorganisms as cell factories in the production of bio-based fuels or chemicals from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, inhibitory concentrations of acetic acid, released from the biomass, reduce the production rate. The undissociated form of acetic acid enters the cell by passive diffusion across the lipid bilayer, mediating toxic effects inside the cell. In order to elucidate a possible link between lipid composition and acetic acid stress, the present study presents detailed lipidomic profiling of the major lipid species found in the plasma membrane, including glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (CEN.PK 113_7D) and  Zygosaccharomyces bailii  (CBS7555) cultured with acetic acid. Detailed physiological characterization of the response of the two yeasts to acetic acid has also been performed in aerobic batch cultivations using bioreactors. Physiological characterization revealed, as expected, that  Z. bailii  is more tolerant to acetic acid than  S. cerevisiae. Z. bailii grew  at acetic acid concentrations above 24 g L −1 , while limited growth of  S. cerevisiae  was observed after 11 h when cultured with only 12 g L −1  acetic acid. Detailed lipidomic profiling using electrospray ionization, multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry (ESI-MRM-MS) showed remarkable changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of  Z. bailii , including an increase in saturated glycerophospholipids and considerable increases in complex sphingolipids in both  S. cerevisiae  (IPC 6.2×, MIPC 9.1×, M(IP) 2 C 2.2×) and  Z. bailii  (IPC 4.9×, MIPC 2.7×, M(IP) 2 C 2.7×), when cultured with acetic acid. In addition, the basal level of complex sphingolipids was significantly higher in  Z. bailii  than in  S. cerevisiae , further emphasizing the proposed link between lipid saturation, high sphingolipid levels and acetic acid tolerance. The results also suggest that acetic acid tolerance is associated with the ability of a given strain to generate large rearrangements in its lipid profile.

plos one

Lipidomic Profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii Reveals Critical Changes in Lipid Composition in Response to Acetic Acid Stress