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Leishmania infantum  infection in humans and dogs can evolve with a wide range of clinical presentations, varying from asymptomatic infections to visceral leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that the immune response elicited by  L. infantum  infection could modulate whether the host will remain asymptomatic or progress to disease. A total of 44 dogs naturally infected with  L. infantum  were studied.  Leishmania  burden was estimated in the blood and spleen by qPCR. The expression of  IFN-γ ,  TNF-α ,  IL-10  and Iron Regulatory Protein 2 (IRP2) were determined in the spleen by quantitative PCR. Sera cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. Dogs were grouped in quartiles according parasite burden. Increased expression of  IFN-γ  and  TNF-α  was associated with reduced  Leishmania  burden, whereas increased  IL-10  and  IRP2  expressions were associated with higher  Leishmania  load. Increased plasma albumin and  IFN-γ  expression explained 22.8% of the decrease in parasite burden in the spleen. These data confirm that lower IFN-γ response and higher  IL-10  correlated with increased parasite load and severity of the visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. The balance between the branches of immune response and the intracellular iron availability could determine, in part, the course of  Leishmania  infection.

Association of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Iron Regulatory Protein 2 (IRP2) with Leishmania Burden in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis