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In this study, we characterized a putative Flp/Tad pilus-encoding gene cluster, and we examined its regulation at the transcriptional level and its role in the virulence of potato pathogenic enterobacteria of the genus  Pectobacterium . The Flp/Tad pilus-encoding gene clusters in  Pectobacterium atrosepticum ,  Pectobacterium wasabiae  and  Pectobacterium aroidearum  were compared to previously characterized  flp / tad  gene clusters, including that of the well-studied Flp/Tad pilus model organism  Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , in which this pilus is a major virulence determinant. Comparative analyses revealed substantial protein sequence similarity and open reading frame synteny between the previously characterized  flp / tad  gene clusters and the cluster in  Pectobacterium , suggesting that the predicted  flp / tad  gene cluster in  Pectobacterium  encodes a Flp/Tad pilus-like structure. We detected genes for a novel two-component system adjacent to the  flp / tad  gene cluster in  Pectobacterium , and mutant analysis demonstrated that this system has a positive effect on the transcription of selected Flp/Tad pilus biogenesis genes, suggesting that this response regulator regulate the  flp / tad  gene cluster. Mutagenesis of either the predicted regulator gene or selected Flp/Tad pilus biogenesis genes had a significant impact on the maceration ability of the bacterial strains in potato tubers, indicating that the Flp/Tad pilus-encoding gene cluster represents a novel virulence determinant in  Pectobacterium . Soft-rot enterobacteria in the genera  Pectobacterium  and  Dickeya  are of great agricultural importance, and an investigation of the virulence of these pathogens could facilitate improvements in agricultural practices, thus benefiting farmers, the potato industry and consumers.

Role and Regulation of the Flp/Tad Pilus in the Virulence of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 and Pectobacterium wasabiae SCC3193