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The gastrointestinal tract of animals is adapted to their primary source of food to optimize resource use and energy intake. Temperate bat species mainly feed on arthropods. These contain the energy-rich carbohydrate chitin, which is indigestible for the endogenous enzymes of a typical mammalian gastrointestinal tract. However, the gastrointestinal tract of bat species should be adapted to their diet and be able to digest chitin. We hypothesized that (i) European vespertilionid bat species have the digestive enzyme chitinase and that (ii) the chitinolytic activity is located in the intestine, as has been found for North American bat species. The gastrointestinal tracts of seven bat species ( Pipistrellus pipistrellus ,  Plecotus auritus ,  Myotis bechsteinii ,  Myotis nattereri ,  Myotis daubentonii ,  Myotis myotis,  and  Nyctalus leisleri ) were tested for chitinolytic activity by diffusion assay. Gastrointestinal tracts of  P. pipistrellus ,  P. auritus ,  M. nattereri ,  M. myotis,  and  N. leisleri  were examined for acidic mammalian chitinase by western blot analysis. Tissue sections of the gastrointestinal tract of  P. pipistrellus  were immunohistochemically analyzed to locate the acidic mammalian chitinase. Chitinolytic activity was detected in the stomachs of all bat species. Western blot analysis confirmed the acidic mammalian chitinase in stomach samples. Immunohistochemistry of the  P. pipistrellus  gastrointestinal tract indicated that acidic mammalian chitinase is located in the stomach chief cells at the base of the gastric glands. In conclusion, European vespertilionid bat species have acidic mammalian chitinase that is produced in the gastric glands of the stomach. Therefore, the gastrointestinal tracts of insectivorous bat species evolved an enzymatic adaptation to their diet.

Insectivorous Bats Digest Chitin in the Stomach Using Acidic Mammalian Chitinase