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Robots offer new possibilities for investigating animal social behaviour. This method enhances controllability and reproducibility of experimental techniques, and it allows also the experimental separation of the effects of bodily appearance (embodiment) and behaviour. In the present study we examined dogs’ interactive behaviour in a problem solving task (in which the dog has no access to the food) with three different social partners, two of which were robots and the third a human behaving in a robot-like manner. The  Mechanical UMO  (Unidentified Moving Object) and the  Mechanical Human  differed only in their embodiment, but showed similar behaviour toward the dog. In contrast, the  Social UMO  was interactive, showed contingent responsiveness and goal-directed behaviour and moved along varied routes. The dogs showed shorter looking and touching duration, but increased gaze alternation toward the  Mechanical Human  than to the  Mechanical UMO . This suggests that dogs’ interactive behaviour may have been affected by previous experience with typical humans. We found that dogs also looked longer and showed more gaze alternations between the food and the  Social UMO  compared to the  Mechanical UMO . These results suggest that dogs form expectations about an unfamiliar moving object within a short period of time and they recognise some social aspects of UMOs’ behaviour. This is the first evidence that interactive behaviour of a robot is important for evoking dogs’ social responsiveness.

What Are You or Who Are You? The Emergence of Social Interaction between Dog and an Unidentified Moving Object (UMO)