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Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) play important roles in apoptosis and NF-κB activation. In this study, we cloned and characterized three IAPs (LvIAP1-3) from the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus  vannamei. LvIAP1-3 proteins shared signature domains and exhibited significant similarities with other IAP family proteins. The tissue distributions of LvIAP1-3 were studied. The expression of  LvIAP1-3  was induced in the muscle after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection.  LvIAP1  expression in the gill, hemocytes, hepatopancreas, and intestine was responsive to WSSV andVibrioalginolyticusinfections.  LvIAP2  expression in the gill, hemocytes, and hepatopancreas was also responsive to WSSV infection. The expression of  LvIAP3  in the gill, hemocytes, and intestine was reduced afterV.  alginolyticusinfection. When overexpressed in    Drosophila    S2 cells, GFP labeled-LvIAP2 was distributed in the cytoplasm and appeared as speck-like aggregates in the nucleus. Both LvIAP1 and LvIAP3 were widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression of  LvIAP1 ,  LvIAP2 , and  LvIAP3  was significantly knocked down by dsRNA-mediated gene silencing. In the gill of  LvIAP1 - or  LvIAP3 -silenced shrimp, the expression of WSSV  VP28  was significantly higher than that of the dsGFP control group, suggesting that LvIAP1 and LvIAP3 may play protective roles in host defense against WSSV infection. Intriguingly, the  LvIAP2 -silenced shrimp all died within 48 hours after dsLvIAP2 injection. In the hemocytes of  LvIAP2 -silenced shrimps, the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes (AMPs), including  Penaeidins, lysozyme, crustins,Vibriopenaeicidae-inducedcysteine and proline-rich peptides  ( VICPs ), was significantly downregulated, while the expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) was upregulated. Moreover, LvIAP2 activated the promoters of the NF-κB pathway-controlled AMPs, such as shrimp  Penaeidins  and  Drosophila drosomycin  and  attacin A , in    Drosophila    S2 cells. Taken together, these results reveal that LvIAP1 and LvIAP3 might participate in the host defense against WSSV infection, and LvIAP2 might be involved in the regulation of shrimp AMPs.

plos one

Analysis of Expression, Cellular Localization, and Function of Three Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAPs) from Litopenaeus vannamei during WSSV Infection and in Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes (AMPs)