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pGIAK1 is a 38-kb plasmid originating from the obligate alkaliphilic and halotolerant  Bacillaceae  strain JMAK1. The strain was originally isolated from the confined environments of the Antarctic Concordia station. Analysis of the pGIAK1 38,362-bp sequence revealed that, in addition to its replication region, this plasmid contains the genetic determinants for cadmium and arsenic resistances, putative methyltransferase, tyrosine recombinase, spore coat protein and potassium transport protein, as well as several hypothetical proteins. Cloning the pGIAK1  cad  operon in  Bacillus cereus  H3081.97 and its  ars  operon in  Bacillus subtilis  1A280 conferred to these hosts cadmium and arsenic resistances, respectively, therefore confirming their  bona fide  activities. The pGIAK1 replicon region was also shown to be functional in  Bacillus thuringiensis ,  Bacillus subtilis  and  Staphylococcus aureus , but was only stably maintained in  B. subtilis . Finally, using an  Escherichia coli  -  B. thuringiensis  shuttle BAC vector, pGIAK1 was shown to display conjugative properties since it was able to transfer the BAC plasmid among  B. thuringiensis  strains.

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pGIAK1, a Heavy Metal Resistant Plasmid from an Obligate Alkaliphilic and Halotolerant Bacterium Isolated from the Antarctic Concordia Station Confined Environment